Social media brings both advantages and drawbacks, with particular concerns for young people. U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy highlights in his Advisory on Social Media and Youth Mental Health that children aged 10 to 19 are in a critical stage of brain development. During this time, their sense of identity and self-worth is still developing. They are also more emotionally sensitive, prone to peer pressure, and likely to engage in risky behaviors they might otherwise avoid.

More research is needed to see if social media is the direct cause of mental health issues but we shouldn’t ignore the correlations.  Parents can take practical action now to help protect our youth.

• Set guardrails early. Setting ground rules before giving kids a smart phone can set you up for success.  Examples include making certain rooms technology-free or limiting use to certain times of day. Delay social media use until 16.
• Navigate and strategize together. Have an open, non-judgmental conversation about social media.  Explore what they enjoy, share any challenges you face, and work together to establish guidelines, such as deciding when to take breaks, adjusting privacy settings, or considering which platforms to avoid.
• Have an ongoing conversation about needing to put real-life effort into forging meaningful relationships.

• Work with teens to choose appropriate privacy settings for their social media. Social media sites provide tools for parents on how to set privacy settings. You can also visit Common Sense Media – the “Parents need to know” section – provides everything you need to know about social media, how different apps work, and how to set privacy controls.
• Be clear about what is unsafe to post: full name, address, specific places they go, phone numbers, vacation plans, or anything else that would help someone identify or locate them.
• Not allowing teens to sleep with their cell phone nearby. When teens are always connected, their rest will be interrupted.

• Monitor for any behavioral changes that could be linked to internet use. Look out for signs such as increased secrecy, spending excessive time online, and withdrawal from friends, schoolwork, or previously enjoyed activities.
• Make sure your teen knows they are loved unconditionally and can come to you with any problem. Engage with your child by joining them in an activity you both enjoy, like watching a baseball game or playing a video game. Use this shared experience as a starting point for meaningful conversation.

Today’s article was adapted with articles by the Greater Good Science Center and University of Minnesota Extension.  For more information contact Tara Solomon-Smith, [email protected], or call 620-244-3826.

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Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

In the last week or so, I’ve had many calls about fall fertilizer applications on fescue and brome pastures and meadows. Much of the nitrogen (N) applied to tall fescue and smooth bromegrass hay meadows and pastures goes on in January or February in eastern Kansas but fall is the best time to apply phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for the spring growing season. The amount of N-P-K depends heavily on forage use such as grazing vs haying.

Normal N fertilization rates for established fescue and bromegrass hay fields are 90 to 120 pounds actual N per acre, or about 30 pounds of N per ton of expected yield. A summary of K-State N response data shows the average yields for unfertilized brome and fescue were about 1.4 tons of hay per acre, while maximum yields averaged 3.2 tons of hay with 140 pounds of N. Protein levels will also be increased at the higher N fertilizer rates, assuming timely harvest. In cases where producers are relying on high-quality hay as their primary protein source, they will want to push N rates to the upper end of the recommended range.Timing of N application is another factor to consider. While most growers apply all the N and any needed P and K for hay production in a single application in the spring, research in Kansas has shown that applying all the fertilizer in the fall will normally result in slightly higher yields, though the protein values will normally be slightly lower. Prior K-State research indicates that smooth brome responded to spring applications as late as April without effects on tonnage of dry matter produced and significantly greater crude protein levels than fall applications. Fall applications of N and P stimulate root growth and produce more tiller buds, resulting in more stems the following spring. Under normal conditions, tall fescue and smooth bromegrass pastures that are grazed in both spring and fall should receive about 100 pounds total N per acre, with 60% applied in the winter or early spring and 40% of the N along with any needed P and K in late August or early September. So, producers should plan on applying 60 to 70 lbs N per acre in late winter or early spring, starting as early as January in southeast Kansas or February in the central and northern parts of the state.

Both smooth bromegrass and fescue are efficient users of soil P and K. One of the reasons for this is the dense root system — two to three times more roots per unit of soil volume than corn or soybeans. As a result, these crops can grow and thrive at lower soil test levels than other crops commonly grown in Kansas. But both smooth bromegrass and fescue do remove about 12 pounds of P₂O₅ and 40 pounds of K₂O per ton of hay, which will lower soil test values. Thus, these grasses will respond to P and K fertilization on soils with low or very low soil test levels. Recent work in northeast Kansas has shown response to applied P at soil test levels below 12-15 ppm. P and K application rates should be based on soil tests, as with most crops. In any type of fertilizer management program for tall fescue and smooth bromegrass, whether for hay production or grazing, needed phosphorus and potash should be applied in the late summer or fall for best results, along with a light application of N. Research with smooth bromegrass and fescue production has shown that fall applications of N and P, while these cool-season grasses are still actively growing, will help the grass develop a good root system for the winter, and develop buds for new tillers the next spring. P and K applied in late winter or early spring won’t provide the same benefits. One option for hay production not widely used is to apply all the N, P, and K needed for the following year in late fall, rather than early spring. Research has shown that the yields from a late- fall application are actually higher than from an early spring application, but the protein levels in the hay are slightly lower (a dilution of the N due to higher biomass production). The increased production from a late fall application is due to the stimulation of root growth and production of additional tiller buds.

One additional nutrient producers should be aware of for tall fescue and smooth bromegrass pastures or hayfields is sulfur (S). If the pasture or hayfield is receiving adequate nutrients and precipitation, but is dropping off in production, it could be deficient in S. Sulfur deficiency will cause a general reduction in forage production long before it results in visual deficiency symptoms. An application of S to a tall fescue or smooth bromegrass pasture or hayfield that is deficient in S can result in forage yield increases up to 500 to 800 lbs per acre. Sulfur is taken up by plants as sulfate. If a sulfur application is needed to correct a deficiency in a growing crop, a sulfate-S source should be used, such as ammonium sulfate or gypsum. Elemental sulfur sources can be used if applied far enough in advance of crop uptake needs to allow soil organisms to oxidize the S to sulfate. This will normally take several weeks to months, depending on soil temperature and moisture.

To determine whether P, K, S, and lime are needed on tall fescue and smooth bromegrass fields, producers should consider soil sampling. The best time to sample is in the fall, prior to fertilizer application. However, soil testing can be done in the spring. Samples for a P and K soil test should be taken to a 6-inch depth. A profile S test to a depth of 24 inches should be used to evaluate S needs.

Fall fertilizing also allows Producers to overseed their brome and fescue. One major factor which we all seem to be struggling with is the lack of moisture. It is important that when you overseed to try to overseed right before or right after a rain event to maximize the stand of new grass.

You can no till new seed into existing grass stands or if you wish to start over with a new stand of grass. Moisture is hard to come by right now if you plan to no till I would recommend doing so after a rain event if overseeding or right before in new stand.

The simplest and most common way to do it is to put in a fertilizer buggy with your fertilizer. There are some restrictions with doing it this way. First of all, you will need to check with your local fertilizer dealer to make sure they are ok with mixing in seed in their fertilizer blender. Second fescue and brome seed will not travel as far as the fertilizer… I would recommend a 50-foot double spinner spreader that you will have to half the rate and double spread it aka drive on 25ft centers to get an even seed distribution. Lastly do not spread on a windy day. The wind will have a significant effect on the seed spread pattern.

To conclude

Lonnie Mengarelli is a K-State Research and Extension Agriculture agent assigned to Southwind District. He may be reached at [email protected] or 620-223-3720

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Nutrient Management Specialist
[email protected]

Stu Duncan, Northeast Area Crops and Soils Specialist
[email protected]