As parents, educators, researchers, social service organizations, and government programs search for answers about the well-being of the American family, it is apparent that family meals tell us a lot about how those families become and stay connected.

Family meals provide a great amount of good, in a variety of ways, for the entire family. Young children show improved literary skills, children and adolescents gain improved food habits, and older adults not only eat better, but increase socialization. Intergenerational family meals help preserve and pass along family culture, traditions, and values.

Despite all the directions families are pulled today, parents are still the biggest influence on the food and meal habits of their children. It is important to realize that meals don’t need to be home-cooked masterpieces in order to serve the purpose. Focus on familiar foods that fit the time, skills, and favor of your family. The meals don’t necessarily have to take place at home around the dinner table either. Based on the scheduling barriers, dinner could be a picnic at the park between practices or meetings. If dinners are impossible due to busy schedules, give family breakfasts a try.

If family meals are not common for your family, it might seem difficult to know how to get started. So, sit down as a family and have a discussion. Allowing family members to contribute to this new venture will make them feel even more connected and responsibility in seeing it through. It is important to be realistic and consistent with expectations. As well as being flexible. Dr. Sandy Procter, Specialist in Maternal and Child Nutrition for Kansas State University shares some tips to help:

• Turn off the television. Remember, it is not a member of the family. Let phone calls wait until later. Make sharing the meal the priority.
• Share the effort of meal planning and putting a meal on the table. You will find the benefits are also shared!
• Avoid making too many rules for mealtime. Instead, try to model the actions and behavior you would like children to exhibit.
• Use “conversation starters,” if needed, to keep a discussion going. Other families may need to practice taking turns to let everyone have a chance to speak uninterrupted.
• Keep the meal pleasant. Try to make mealtimes together a positive time.

There is no single environment when it comes to family meals – and those numerous environments mean every family, every schedule, every mealtime is unique. But even though there may be barriers, it is possible to work through them and make successful family meals happen for you and your family.

For information, contact Jennifer Terrell, District 4-H Youth Development Extension Agent for K-State Research and Extension – Southwind District at 620-223-3720 or [email protected].

It’s a fact, caregivers have higher levels of stress than non-caregivers.  If you are serving as a caregiver to a loved one, I want you to know you are fulfilling a valuable role!  I also want you to know, that it is ok to take care of yourself too.

While we can’t stop stress from occurring, we can help manage it.  Too much stress, especially over a long time, can harm your health. You may not get enough sleep or physical activity, or eat a balanced diet — which increases your risk of medical problems.

The following are some ideas to help you manage your caregiver stress:

• Take a break from caregiving. Take a walk or meet up with a friend. Do something not related to caregiving.
• Get support. Attend a support group, have a friend you can call just to let off steam, or look for community resources.
• Read a book, meditate, pray, garden, knit, take a long bath.
• Take care of your health. Go to the doctor, get routine exams and flu shots, get enough sleep, and eat your fruits and vegetables.
• Change “guilt” to “regret.” Guilt means you did something wrong, regret means that you are in a difficult situation and sometimes you have to make difficult decisions, but they are not wrong.
• Forgive yourself—often. You cannot be a perfect caregiver, all day, every day.
• Ask for and accept help when offered. No one can do this alone. We often don’t know what to say when someone offers help. Prepare for this and create a task list to have ready.  When someone asks you if they can help, refer to your list and say “YES.” Let them choose what task on the list they would like to do!
• And finally….Laugh. Find ways to keep your sense of humor on a daily basis.

For more information contact Tara Solomon-Smith, [email protected], or call 620-244-3826.

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Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

According to the most recent USDA report released on October 13, about 68% of Kansas wheat has been planted this fall, near the 5-year average of 66%. While the planted average is at or slightly above the 5-yr mean, crop emergence is at or slightly below the 5-yr mean at 36% (versus 38%).

From here until the end of the planting season, some producers may have delayed planting for different reasons, including harvesting a summer crop during October or having dry soils and waiting for precipitation before seeding. The slight delay in emergence is also likely due to dry soils. In this context, it is important to remember that even for wheat crops planted at the right time but in the absence of moisture for germination, the effective planting date is delayed since this will be when the crop actually emerges. Planting wheat in late October-early November is within the acceptable range in the southeast and far south-central Kansas. In other areas of the state, this is later than desirable and later than the cutoff date for full crop insurance benefits. Although good yields may still be reached when wheat is planted outside the optimal planting window, late-planted wheat is often subjected to colder fall temperatures. It has less time to tiller before winter dormancy, which can reduce wheat yield potential and increase the risks of winter injury. Under these circumstances, some management adjustments can be made to compensate for the consequences of late planting. These adjustments include:

Increase the seeding rate. Late-planted wheat tends to produce fewer tillers during the fall than wheat planted at the optimal time. Fall tillers are generally more productive than spring tillers, contributing more to the crop’s yield potential. Therefore, increasing seeding rates is necessary to compensate for the reduced tillering. Wheat seeding rates for Kansas vary depending on the precipitation zone and increase from west to east. Likewise, for every week planting is delayed from the end of the range of optimal planting date, seeding rates should be increased by about 150,000 – 225,000 seeds per acre (or 10 to 15 lb/acre) in western Kansas, or 225,000 – 300,000 seeds per acre (15 – 20 lb/acre) in eastern Kansas. Final seeding rate should not be above 90-100 pounds per acre in western Kansas and 120-130 pounds in eastern and central Kansas for grain-only wheat production, as extremely high seeding rates can increase the potential for lodging and increase crop water demand early in the cycle, possibly resulting in more severe drought stress later during reproductive stages (this is referred to as ‘haying off’, and happened frequently during the 2023-24 season in crops that had high fall biomass production followed by limited spring precipitation). Similarly, planting early in the growing season results in more fall wheat growth and moisture use.
To determine the row length needed for one square foot based on row spacing, divide 12 by the row spacing of your field. For example, if row spacing is 7.5 inches, 12/7.5 = 1.6 feet, or 19.2 inches of row are needed to be equivalent to one square foot.

Maintain the optimal planting depth (1 to 1.5 inches deep). Wheat needs at least 4 to 5 leaves and 1 to 2 tillers before winter dormancy for maximum cold tolerance. Late-planted wheat will most likely have fewer tillers and leaves than wheat planted at the optimal timing and, therefore, will be more susceptible to winter kill. It is important to plant wheat at the normal planting depth (1 to 1.5 inches below the soil surface) to ensure good root development and anchorage and crown insulation by the soil during the winter, increasing the chances of winter survival. Shallow-planted wheat is at greater risk of winter injury. If the seed is placed too deeply, it may not have enough vigor in cold soils to emerge well.

Place starter phosphorus (P) fertilizer with the seed. Phosphate-based starter fertilizer promotes early-season wheat growth and tillering, which can help compensate for the delayed sowing date. Additionally, P is less available under colder soil temperatures, which can result in P deficiency under cold weather conditions. When planting late, producers should strongly consider using about 20-30 lbs/acre of P fertilizer (11-52-0 or 18-46-0) directly with the seed, regardless of soil P levels. This placement method is more effective than other application methods at that time of year. The later the planting date, the slower fall root development is. The closer the fertilizer is to the seed, the sooner the plant roots reach it. The four situations when in-furrow P is considered “money in the bank” are (i) late-planted wheat crops, (ii) wheat crops planted for grazing, (iii) wheat planted in acidic soils, and (iv) soils deficient in P.

Use fungicide seed treatment or plant certified seed. Late-planted wheat is sown into colder soils, generally increasing the time needed for germination and emergence. Consequently, there is increased potential for seed and soil-borne diseases that affect seedlings and early-season wheat development. Fungicide seed treatment can protect the seed and seedlings during the extended time they are subjected to potential seedling diseases, improving stand establishment under poor growing conditions. It is important that the seed treatment thoroughly coats the seeds to ensure good protection. For fungicide seed treatment options, please refer to the most current version of the K-State fungicide seed treatment chart available at: https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2955.pdf

Variety selection. It is probably too late to change which wheat variety to plant this fall. However, a few points to consider when it is known that wheat will be planted late (e.g. when planning to sow wheat following soybeans) are tillering ability and maturity. A variety with good tillering ability may offset some of the consequences of late planting, as it might still produce one or two tillers during the fall, whereas a low-tillering variety may produce none. Some varieties are known for not tillering well in the spring and requiring good fall tiller production (for example, the variety Everest). Avoid planting these varieties in fields that will be planted late. Also, late-planted wheat typically needs to catch up in development going into the winter, which might translate into slower development in the spring. This delay can result in plants being exposed to moisture stress, especially heat stress, during grain filling, reducing the duration of the grain filling period. Thus, selecting an early-maturity variety with good yield potential may offset, to some extent, the consequences of late planting by decreasing the chances of a grain-filling period subjected to warmer temperatures. Many K-State wheat variety trials are planted late after a previous soybean crop in eastern KS. A good way to select a variety to perform under these conditions is to filter through the results of these variety trials and select varieties performing well in your region when planted late.

Lonnie Mengarelli is a K-State Research and Extension Agriculture agent assigned to Southwind District. He may be reached at [email protected] or 620-223-3720

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Romulo Lollato, Wheat and Forages Specialist
[email protected]

John Holman, Cropping Systems Agronomist – Garden City
[email protected]

Lucas Haag, Area Agronomist – Colby
[email protected]

Supporting a youth-run lemonade stand can build the confidence of a child, help them understand the value of money, and learn important lessons about running a small business. Not only are youth earning cash, they are learning and practicing the important principles centered around the five Ps of marketing a successful stand or any business. The more time and effort youth can put towards promoting and marketing their stand before opening for business, the more likely they are to be successful. While Lemonade stands are usually available in the summer and early fall, with colder weather starting to show up, it creates different and new opportunities of turning a lemonade stand into a Hot Chocolate stand instead!

The 5 “Ps” of business marketing play a crucial part of if a business is going to be successful or if it will struggle to keep afloat. The 5 P’s, Product, Price, Promotion, Place and People all help individual businesses differentiate from their competitors.

Product-The most important aspect of any lemonade stand is the product. This is a fantastic opportunity for the young entrepreneur to explore product development. Things to consider include:

• How does it look and taste? Will they make it from a powder, use fresh ingredients or have a special recipe?
• Have they considered temperature? Keeping the lemonade cold can boost sales and bring return customers. Youth may consider floating a large piece of ice in their pitcher or serving it in a cup of ice.
• Can they diversify their product line? Some possible preferences may include low calorie, pulp-free, or even a flight of rainbow-colored Lemonade! Many enthusiastic entrepreneurs also sell additional products at their lemonade stand. These could include a tasty treat or even a handmade item.

Price- When thinking about price it is important to know who your customers may possibly be and what they might be willing to pay. The key thing to A few other things to consider might include:

• Look at what other stands are charging and where they may be set up. Also consider if they offer additional items that you may not.
• If you are planning on setting up in a location where a lot of foot traffic is available, you may look at wanting to charge more.

Promotion- How will you get the word out about your lemonade stand? The more time and effort you can put towards promoting and marketing your stand before opening for business, the more likely you are to be successful.

• Think about where you could hang signs up around your community to tell people where you will be located.
• Think about who else you could partner with. Maybe a friend or family member makes delicious cookies and already have customers that buy from them often. Ask them to join you in a partnership to bring already established customers to your stand.
• Don’t be afraid to tell your neighbors, family and friends that you are opening your lemonade stand and where it will be located. Invite them to share with their family or friends as well.

Place- The location of your stand may make the difference on if you meet or exceeding your overall goal. Make sure to find a safe location to hold your lemonade stand, and always make sure to ask for permission if setting up in a public place. A few things to ask yourself in determining where to set up:

• What day will you operate your stand?
• What time of day will you run your stand?
• If people have to drive to your location, will there be adequate parking available?

People- People refers to who is selling the lemonade to the customers and how the customers may perceive the worker. People usually base their decisions around the customer service that is provided by the seller. Things to think about:

• Are you friendly to your customers as they approach and when they are buying your products?
• Are you dressed nicely and clean clothes?

Be on the lookout for upcoming “Lemonade Day” workshops for youth in grades 3^rd– 6^th from Southwind Extension District and NetWork Kansas. Through “Lemonade Day” youth work through a four-session curriculum learning about setting Goals, making a business plan, learning cost breakdown, setting and following a budget, and taking a loan out all while developing a plan to have a successful Lemonade Stand.

For more information on Lemonade Day or money management for youth, please contact Amanda Clasen, Community Vitality Agent, at [email protected] or at 620-244-3826.

As the weather cools, it is inevitable that certain outdoor pests are going to try to find their way inside homes. One of the best ways to limit unwanted intrusions of insects or rodents is to deny them entry. It is often easier to prevent entry into a home or building than trying to control them once they are inside.

Here are seven useful tips for pest proofing.

1. At the base of all exterior doors, install door sweeps or thresholds. Gaps of 1/16 inch will permit entry of insects and spiders; ¼ inch wide gaps are large enough for entry of mice. The bottom corner of doors is often where rodents and insects enter.

Applying calk along the bottom outside edge and sides of door thresholds will exclude ant and small insect entry. Garage doors should also be checked for bottom seals. A rubber seal is best as vinyl seals poorly in cold weather.

1. Utility openings should also be sealed. This includes areas where pipes and wires enter the foundation and siding, around outdoor faucets, receptacles, gas meters, clothes dryer vents and telephone/cable TV wires. Plug holes with caulk, cement, expandable foam, steel wool or other suitable sealant.

1. Use a good quality silicone or acrylic latex caulk to caulk around windows, doors and fascia boards. Use a high quality caulking gun. A gun that has a back-off trigger to halt the flow of caulk is best.

1. Repair gaps and tears in window and door screens. Doing so will help reduce entry of flies, gnats, lady beetles and other overwintering pests in the fall. However, there are some insects such as hackberry psyllids that are small enough to fit through mesh window screens. The only way to prevent entry of these tiny insects is to keep windows closed.

1. Attic, roof and crawl space vents should be covered with ¼ inch wire mesh to prevent entry of birds, bats, squirrels, rodents and other wildlife.

1. An exterior (barrier) insecticide treatment can also be applied. Sealing is by far the most permanent way to exclude pests. However, it can be labor intensive and sometimes impractical.  For situations like that, an exterior insecticide treatment may be best. You will get the most for your efforts by applying a longer lasting liquid formulation containing synthetic pyrethroids. Read and follow label directions before using any pesticide.

Barrier insecticide treatments should be applied to the base of all exterior doors, garage and crawl space entrances, around foundation vents and utility openings and up underneath siding.

1. Pests such as lady beetles are often best controlled with a little manual labor by using a vacuum cleaner or broom to sweep them up.

Krista Harding is a K-State Research and Extension horticulture agent assigned to Southwind District.  She may be reached at [email protected] or 620-244-3826.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Marestail or horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) is a challenging weed to manage in no-till or minimum-till soybeans systems. This weed is classified as a winter annual, but it germinates well into spring and summer, making it even more difficult to manage. In addition to an extended germination window, marestail can produce up to 200,000 seeds/plant, with approximately 80% of those seeds being able to germinate immediately after maturation. Kansas producers also face the added difficulty of trying to manage glyphosate-and ALS-resistant marestail.

Acceptable control of fall-emerged marestail with herbicide applications at planting will be unlikely because the marestail are generally too large, but control can be achieved with both fall and early spring herbicide applications. Other control options include tillage and cover crops.

Residual herbicides for marestail control include chlorimuron (Classic, others), flumioxazin (Valor, others), sulfentrazone (Spartan, others), and metribuzin products.  Group 4 herbicides such as 2,4-D, dicamba, fluroxypyr (Starane Ultra), or haluxifen (Elevore) are good options to control emerged marestail, especially populations that are resistant to glyphosate or ALS-inhbiting herbicides.  Control of marestail in the rosette stage is similar among the Group 4 herbicides, but dicamba controls bolted marestail better than 2,4-D. Saflufenacil (Sharpen) or glufosinate (Liberty, others) can also control bolted marestail.

Fall and spring tillage has been shown to be effective in controlling marestail for a spring-planted crop. When tillage is not utilized in the fall, marestail will establish and be present in the spring. If implementing a minimum tillage system is the goal, research suggests that marestail can be controlled when a fall herbicide application is followed by shallow tillage in the spring or vice versa.

Utilizing cover crops can result in fewer and smaller marestail plants in a field. Research in Kansas has shown control of marestail with a cereal rye cover crop paired with spring herbicide applications. The key to achieving effective suppression of marestail with cover crops is the accumulation of adequate cover crop biomass before marestail emerges, so timely cover crop planting is important for this strategy to succeed.

In summary, to have the best chance at a successful weed control program you must be proactive and stay ahead of the curve. Like all weeds, marestail are easier to kill the smaller they are. Many of next year’s plants will come up in the fall and a simple and cheap broadleaf herbicide can reduce the number of weeds for the next spring allowing you to get you ahead and have fewer weeds to contend with.

For additional information, see the “2024 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland” (K-State publication SRP-1183) or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.

Lonnie Mengarelli is a K-State Research and Extension Agriculture agent assigned to Southwind District. He may be reached at [email protected] or 620-223-3720

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer

Sarah Lancaster, Extension Weed Science Specialist
[email protected]

Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist, Agricultural Research Center – Hays
[email protected]

Get Prepared in Case of an Emergency

Emergency preparedness can seem intimidating, and costly, but by taking just three preparedness actions, all Americans can help build their confidence in knowing what to do when disaster strikes and understand that those preparedness actions will make a difference in their recovery from a disaster or emergency. The National Preparedness Month toolkit provides simple, low and no cost preparedness actions you can take today to be prepared!

• Get informed about what kind of disasters and emergencies occur where you live.
• Sign up for emergency alerts in your area to receive life-saving information.
• Download the FEMA App to receive weather alerts, safety tips and reminders.
• Create an emergency communication plan using FEMA’s free template to record important contact and medical information about your family, which you can share with others. Here are some tips to use when developing your plan:
  • Plan and practice an evacuation route with your family.
  • Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to be the “family contact” in case your family is separated during a flood or other wide-spread event. Make sure everyone in your family knows the name, address, and phone number of this contact person.
  • Plan how you will communicate if you have a communications need.
  • Plan for food, water, and essentials for you and pets or service animals.
  • Plan for your transportation if you need help evacuating.
  • Include items that meet your individual needs, such as medicines, medical supplies, batteries and chargers, in your emergency supply kit.
  • Plan how you will have your assistive devices with you during an evacuation.
  • Make copies of your home and medical insurance cards.
• Build your emergency supply kit over time. Start with items you may already have in your home, then when you go to the grocery store, pick up an extra item each time that you use regularly, especially if it’s on sale!
• Talk with members of your household about where you will go if told to evacuate.
• Store important documents and items like passports, birth certificates, maps, and electronics in a flood-safe place like a high shelf or upper floor in resealable water-tight plastic bags. Store important documents like insurance policies digitally.
• Check online for free or discounted First Aid and CPR courses offered near you.
• Visit www.floodsmart.gov to know your area’s level of flood risk.
• Download free preparedness resources.

For more information contact Tara Solomon-Smith, [email protected], or call 620-244-3826.

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Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

One way to get a sense of a community is to drive or walk around, observing and taking note of the different characteristics and opportunities that the community may have to offer. A walk or a drive through a community may also serve as an assessment of what projects have happened or would like to happen.

Community Assessments are tools that allow interested citizens and community partners to gather and analyze information. This is typically to determine the current condition of a particular aspect of the community. While there are different modes of assessment, they are generally most useful when they capture the diversity of the community. In addition, the assessment may also be focused on a particular program, event or segment of the community.

Community assessments are often conducted to collect data that affects how programs get implemented. More specifically, they can:

• Gauge public opinion, rather than rely on the opinion of a few key leaders or local gossip
• Increase awareness of particular issues
• Create an opportunity for community input and/or ownership of the process
• Be required to satisfy a grant or program.

Important considerations before conducting a community assessment is the time available

for the assessment, the information needed from the assessment and the diversity being

captured in the assessment.

There are several ways to conduct community assessments and the most common techniques include taking assets walks, small group exercises or conducting a survey.

Other methods include: personal interviews, focus groups, public forums and informal group processing.

Today we will talk about conducting an asset walk. This technique works well for all group sizes and it can be part of a larger program or event, if time allows. To complete a Community Asset Walk simply WALK (this is key!) your group through your community.

Throughout the walk, ask those with you to write down and/or talk about what they observe-it could be vacant lots, buildings, businesses, people etc. Walking is key because it is slow, and it allows the group to interact and observe. The ideas are transcribed into a single list after the walk is completed.

You may also include voice recordings and have people take pictures of what they observe or simply record notes to discuss later. The time requirement for an asset walk maybe one or two hours to walk through a neighborhood.

To get a complete assessment of the entire community, it could require multiple walks.

Plan for a few hours to transcribe notes and assemble photographs into a meaningful format to be shared with others.

In addition to being an assessment tool that can identify opportunities in your community, this technique can be a great conversation starter for a group, organization, or community. It can get people talking to one another and from this, they are able to identify areas of common interest to pursue more deeply.

Larger groups are often broken into smaller groups of 8 or less people. Remember to make sure your groups are mixed appropriately.

Once the observations are collected from those participating in the walk, simply tally the number of times a particular theme, observation, specific asset or idea is made. By doing this you can possibly pursue a program or project and eventually make plans for a planning group discussion.

The next step is to take your observations and plans a step further and fully develop them in a facilitated group exercise that results in a community development action plan to move forward.

For More information, contact Community Vitality Agent, Amanda Clasen at [email protected] or at 620-244-3826.

Did you know that you can review and change your Medicare Prescription Drug Plan annually?    Medicare Annual Election Period, running from October 15^th-December 7^th, is the time to do just that!

On Tuesday, October 29^th, from 9:00am-2:00pm, at 735 Scott Avenue, Fort Scott; area Senior Health Insurance Counselors for Kansas (SHICK) will be available for you!  Call 620-244-3826 to schedule an appointment.

Even if you have been happy with your plan in the past, plans and your medications do change!  It is a good idea to compare options to see what meets your current needs.  Last year, counselors helped beneficiaries save on average $1,075.00 per person changing plans.

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Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director of K-State Research and Extension, Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts.

Bulbs are a good addition to any landscape or garden because they offer a variety of bloom color, flowering time, plant height and shape. From the end of September to the first of November is the time to plant spring flowering bulbs. Spend some time thinking about the location you intend to plant before making a purchase. So many times we buy on impulse and then have to really squeeze plants into a spot that may be less than desirable!

Bulbs can be planted in a variety of locations including around house foundations, under deciduous shrubs and trees, along borders, in perennial beds and rock gardens, in containers and even on steep slopes.

When planted along a foundation, bulbs will add color in the early spring if planted in a grouping of twelve or more bulbs. If you have evergreen shrubs planted along a foundation, they will provide a nice background for planting of bulbs. Bulbs will “pop” with color in contrast to the green of the shrubs.

Spring bulbs can be planted under deciduous shrubs or small trees. You may be wondering how this can be because of a lack of sunlight. Early blooming bulbs receive plenty of light because they start growing long before trees and shrubs start to develop leaves. Some bulbs that do well in this type of setting include grape hyacinths, crocus, bluebells and early maturing daffodils.

A border of bulbs planted along the edge of the lawn will add a splash of color to the lawn area. Or consider planting low growing bulbs around the edge of a flower bed to add interest. You can add them directly into a perennial bed and the bulbs will bloom in March, April and May before perennials start to grow. Make sure to locate the bulbs so the dying foliage will not be noticed.

For steep slopes that are difficult to mow and maintain, bulbs with a fiberous root system such as daylilies, are an effective plant to use. The foliage is attractive and the bloom adds color to the area. The problem of trying to mow a steep area will be eliminated.

Both spring and summer bulbs can be planted in portable containers. The nice thing about container plantings is their versatility. For spring bulbs, once bloom is past, the container can be moved to a location out of sight while the foliage matures. Summer bulbs will add color all summer long to areas such as a patio or deck.

Keep in mind that planting bulbs of one variety or color in mass will have greater visual impact. This will provide uniform color and texture that is pleasing to the eye. With bulbs such as tulips or daffodils, plant at least twelve bulbs of one variety in a grouping. Smaller bulbs should be planted in groups of fifty to have visual impact.

Krista Harding is a K-State Research and Extension Agricultural agent assigned to Southwind District.  She may be reached at [email protected] or 620-244-3826.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.